Summary:
According to “Implications for Agriculture and Rural Development” in “Biofuels” by Antony Rowe (2007), nowadays, because of rising biofuels production, the need of agricultural feedstock makes crop prices higher and higher. The author noted that many different kinds of feedstock and technologies can be used to produce biofuels, and because of these farmers can produce “underutilized forms of biomass” (Rowe, 2007, pg.122) and make more land to produce agriculture. The writer stated that “biofuel programmes” (Rowe, 2007, pg.123) maybe an important reason of rising employment in rural areas nowadays and in future. The author mentioned that biofuels seem to be a “possible solution” (Rowe, 2007, pg.127) which can help agricultural surplus in some developing countries. Rowe explained that there are some benefits to “rural communities” (Rowe, 2007, pg.129). The author reported that even though there are many “small-scale biofuel production” (Rowe, 2007, pg.133) now, in future, “large-scale” biofuel production will become the main stream (Rowe, 2007, pg.133). The author described that producing biofuels can make rich farmers more wealthy, while it also can lead poor farmers into more poverty. Furthermore, the writer showed that because the requirement of biofuels has been increased, the certain food prices has became higher and higher, and these will lead to some social problems.
Tuesday, August 5, 2008
appropriate—suitable or proper
e: She chose clothes appropriate for a job interview
absorb—include or incorporate as part of itself or oneself
e: The country successfully absorbed its immigrants.
subsidy—money granted by the state or a public body etc. to keep down the price of commodities etc.
e: This company has a good housing subsidy.
maintain—cause to continue; keep up
e: We should maintain friendly relations.
aid—help
e: The biofuels development can aid rural areas.
rural—in, of, or suggesting the country
e: The biofuels development can aid rural areas.
aim—intend or try
e: He aimed to win this game.
advocate—a person who support or speaks in favor
e: We all passionately advocate economic reforms.
region--an area of land, or division of the earth’s surface, having definable boundaries or characteristics
e: The coffee shop is located in the region between Elbe and Rhine.
diversify—vary; modify
e: Some of theses problem could be avoided as a wider diversify of feedstock are used.
arrangement— plans and preparations that you must make so that something can happen
e: I've agreed to help with arrangements for the party.
massive— very large, solid, and heavy
e: The bell is massive, weighing over 40 tons.
achieve— to successfully complete something or get a good result, especially by working hard
e: She eventually achieved her goal of becoming a professor.
plantation— a large area of land in a hot country, where crops such as tea, cotton, and sugar are grown
e: A hothouse or plantation where pineapples are grown.
mechanization— mechanized system or process now uses machines instead of people or animals [= automated]
e: Car production is now highly mechanized.
e: She chose clothes appropriate for a job interview
absorb—include or incorporate as part of itself or oneself
e: The country successfully absorbed its immigrants.
subsidy—money granted by the state or a public body etc. to keep down the price of commodities etc.
e: This company has a good housing subsidy.
maintain—cause to continue; keep up
e: We should maintain friendly relations.
aid—help
e: The biofuels development can aid rural areas.
rural—in, of, or suggesting the country
e: The biofuels development can aid rural areas.
aim—intend or try
e: He aimed to win this game.
advocate—a person who support or speaks in favor
e: We all passionately advocate economic reforms.
region--an area of land, or division of the earth’s surface, having definable boundaries or characteristics
e: The coffee shop is located in the region between Elbe and Rhine.
diversify—vary; modify
e: Some of theses problem could be avoided as a wider diversify of feedstock are used.
arrangement— plans and preparations that you must make so that something can happen
e: I've agreed to help with arrangements for the party.
massive— very large, solid, and heavy
e: The bell is massive, weighing over 40 tons.
achieve— to successfully complete something or get a good result, especially by working hard
e: She eventually achieved her goal of becoming a professor.
plantation— a large area of land in a hot country, where crops such as tea, cotton, and sugar are grown
e: A hothouse or plantation where pineapples are grown.
mechanization— mechanized system or process now uses machines instead of people or animals [= automated]
e: Car production is now highly mechanized.
Sunday, July 27, 2008
Summary:
According to “Energy Balances of Current and Future Biofuels” in “Biofuels” by Antony Rowe, people use two different methods, “energy balance” and “energy efficiency” (Rowe, 2007, pg.160), to evaluate the product of biofuels. The author said that using energy balance can show good effect which biofuels influence on the environment, while energy efficiency shows the efficiency in the production which is from biomass to biofuels. The writer stated that the energy inputs can be divided into three kind, and there are “agricultural energy” (Rowe, 2007, pg.164), “processing energy” (Rowe, 2007, pg.165) and “transportation energy” (Rowe, 2007, pg.165). Rowe mentioned that reducing the costs and the production of biofuels can improve the biofuels’ energy balance.
According to “Effects on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climates Stability” in “Biofuels” by Antony Rowe, the writer noted that not all the corps can produce the same emission. The author reported that there are many way to show the effect of biofuels feedstock production and harvest. Rowe explained the ways is that “land-use change” (Rowe, 2007, pg.171) means that instead of the crop which can only be planted every year people can use “perennial herbaceous species” (Rowe, 2007, pg.172), and in “crop management” (Rowe, 2007, pg.173) producing fertilizer have the biggest effect to climate. The author showed another tow ways is that “feedstock selection” (Rowe, 2007, pg.174) is very important for producing biofuels and how to harvest the crop is also very important thing. The author described that there are something in “life-cycle” (Rowe, 2007, pg.177) which can affect the biofuels.
According to “Energy Balances of Current and Future Biofuels” in “Biofuels” by Antony Rowe, people use two different methods, “energy balance” and “energy efficiency” (Rowe, 2007, pg.160), to evaluate the product of biofuels. The author said that using energy balance can show good effect which biofuels influence on the environment, while energy efficiency shows the efficiency in the production which is from biomass to biofuels. The writer stated that the energy inputs can be divided into three kind, and there are “agricultural energy” (Rowe, 2007, pg.164), “processing energy” (Rowe, 2007, pg.165) and “transportation energy” (Rowe, 2007, pg.165). Rowe mentioned that reducing the costs and the production of biofuels can improve the biofuels’ energy balance.
According to “Effects on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climates Stability” in “Biofuels” by Antony Rowe, the writer noted that not all the corps can produce the same emission. The author reported that there are many way to show the effect of biofuels feedstock production and harvest. Rowe explained the ways is that “land-use change” (Rowe, 2007, pg.171) means that instead of the crop which can only be planted every year people can use “perennial herbaceous species” (Rowe, 2007, pg.172), and in “crop management” (Rowe, 2007, pg.173) producing fertilizer have the biggest effect to climate. The author showed another tow ways is that “feedstock selection” (Rowe, 2007, pg.174) is very important for producing biofuels and how to harvest the crop is also very important thing. The author described that there are something in “life-cycle” (Rowe, 2007, pg.177) which can affect the biofuels.
Sunday, July 20, 2008
Summary:
According to “Liquid Biofuels” by Greg Pahl, in the Citizen Powered Energy Handbook (2007), diesel engines and tanks easily lead to the growth of bacteria, which can make destroy the system. The author stated that biodiesel can be a good “heating-fuel additive” (Pahl, 2007, p206), and using biodiesel can get two and three energy than using ethanol. The writer showed that there are three major producers, “large-scale commercial, small-scale” (Pahl, 2007, p209) and individual, which product biodiesel, and there are the large and small different forms “biodiesel cooperatives” (Pahl, 2007, p210). Pahl explained that the large biodiesel cooperative industries were often founded in Widwest, while the small one can be divided into three categories, and there are very small group producer, “bulk-buy” ((Pahl, 2007, p211) and the one which every people can be trained. The author said that ethanol and biodiesel which are produced from plants are the “first-generation” (Pahl, 2007, p215), while the biofuels which are made from cellulose are the second one. The writer mentioned that the second one is similarly to the first one and be produced in many different countries.
The author noted that “straight vegetable oil (SVO)” and “waste vegetable oil (WVO)” (Pahl, 2007, p220) can be used at home, but they need some equipment. The writer reported that because of the flash point, people could not make WVO combust completely, but now Turner discovered a new system which solves this problem by giving a high temperature at the surface of WVO. Pahl demonstrated that people save “$20,000” from the project of WVO.
According to “Liquid Biofuels” by Greg Pahl, in the Citizen Powered Energy Handbook (2007), diesel engines and tanks easily lead to the growth of bacteria, which can make destroy the system. The author stated that biodiesel can be a good “heating-fuel additive” (Pahl, 2007, p206), and using biodiesel can get two and three energy than using ethanol. The writer showed that there are three major producers, “large-scale commercial, small-scale” (Pahl, 2007, p209) and individual, which product biodiesel, and there are the large and small different forms “biodiesel cooperatives” (Pahl, 2007, p210). Pahl explained that the large biodiesel cooperative industries were often founded in Widwest, while the small one can be divided into three categories, and there are very small group producer, “bulk-buy” ((Pahl, 2007, p211) and the one which every people can be trained. The author said that ethanol and biodiesel which are produced from plants are the “first-generation” (Pahl, 2007, p215), while the biofuels which are made from cellulose are the second one. The writer mentioned that the second one is similarly to the first one and be produced in many different countries.
The author noted that “straight vegetable oil (SVO)” and “waste vegetable oil (WVO)” (Pahl, 2007, p220) can be used at home, but they need some equipment. The writer reported that because of the flash point, people could not make WVO combust completely, but now Turner discovered a new system which solves this problem by giving a high temperature at the surface of WVO. Pahl demonstrated that people save “$20,000” from the project of WVO.
Strategy –a planned series of actions for achieving something
E: The government carries out a long-term economic strategy
Modification –a small change made in something such as a design, plan, or system
E: We've made one or two modifications to the original design.
Definitely –without any doubt
E: She views very definitely.
Mainstream –the most usual ideas or methods, or the people who have these ideas or methods
E: Environmental ideas have been absorbed into the mainstream of European politics.
Cellulose –the material that the cell walls of plants are made of and that is used to make plastics, paper etc
E: We should eat more green vegetables rich in cellulose.
Replacement –when you get something that is newer or better than the one you had before:
E: Our old car is badly in need of replacement.
Scenario –a situation that could possibly happen
E: It looked ominously like we were about to repeat the earlier scenario.
Virtually –almost
E: Virtually all the members were in agreement with the proposal.
Interchangeable –things that are interchangeable can be used instead of each other
E: These two words are almost interchangeable.
Monoxide –carbon monoxide: a poisonous gas produced when carbon, especially in petrol, burns in a small amount of air
E: motor vehicles give off carbon monoxide.
Perspective –a way of thinking about something, especially one which is influenced by the type of person you are or by your experiences
E: You must get the story in its right perspectives.
Conventional –a conventional method, product, practice etc has been used for a long time and is considered the usual type
E: Internet connections through conventional phone lines are fairly slow.
Yield –the amount of profits, crops etc that something produces
E: These trees gave a high yield of fruit this year.
Carbon –a chemical substance that exists in a pure form as diamonds, graphite etc, or in an impure form as coal, petrol etc. It is a chemical element: symbol C
E: I make a carbon copy of my essay.
Variant – something that is slightly different from the usual form of something
E: The story has many variants.
E: The government carries out a long-term economic strategy
Modification –a small change made in something such as a design, plan, or system
E: We've made one or two modifications to the original design.
Definitely –without any doubt
E: She views very definitely.
Mainstream –the most usual ideas or methods, or the people who have these ideas or methods
E: Environmental ideas have been absorbed into the mainstream of European politics.
Cellulose –the material that the cell walls of plants are made of and that is used to make plastics, paper etc
E: We should eat more green vegetables rich in cellulose.
Replacement –when you get something that is newer or better than the one you had before:
E: Our old car is badly in need of replacement.
Scenario –a situation that could possibly happen
E: It looked ominously like we were about to repeat the earlier scenario.
Virtually –almost
E: Virtually all the members were in agreement with the proposal.
Interchangeable –things that are interchangeable can be used instead of each other
E: These two words are almost interchangeable.
Monoxide –carbon monoxide: a poisonous gas produced when carbon, especially in petrol, burns in a small amount of air
E: motor vehicles give off carbon monoxide.
Perspective –a way of thinking about something, especially one which is influenced by the type of person you are or by your experiences
E: You must get the story in its right perspectives.
Conventional –a conventional method, product, practice etc has been used for a long time and is considered the usual type
E: Internet connections through conventional phone lines are fairly slow.
Yield –the amount of profits, crops etc that something produces
E: These trees gave a high yield of fruit this year.
Carbon –a chemical substance that exists in a pure form as diamonds, graphite etc, or in an impure form as coal, petrol etc. It is a chemical element: symbol C
E: I make a carbon copy of my essay.
Variant – something that is slightly different from the usual form of something
E: The story has many variants.
Sunday, July 13, 2008
combustion -- the process of burning
e: The combustion in the forest generated great damage.
prototype -- the first form that a new design of a car, machine etc has, or a model of it used to test the design before it is produced
e: No matter how many prototype we make, we just can not get it right.
diesel -- a type of heavy oil used instead of petrol in engines, especially in trucks, buses, and trains:
e: The steam locomotives were superseded by diesel units.
engine -- the part of a vehicle that produces power to make it move
e: There must be something wrong with the engine of my car.
biomass -- plant and animal matter used to provide power or energy
e: Liquid fuels are made from biomass.
feedstock -- the raw material that is required for some industrial process
e: People use corn as feedstock to produce ethanol.
oxygen-- a gas that has no color or smell, is present in air, and is necessary for most animals and plants to live.
e: She died from lack of oxygen.
obstacle-- something that makes it difficult to achieve somethingCOLLOCATIONS
e: Lack of education is an obstacle of success.
alternative -- an alternative idea, plan etc is different from the one you have and can be used instead
e: Please find alternative means of transport.
regulatory -- a regulatory authority has the official power to control an activity and to make sure that it is done in a satisfactory way
e: New drugs have been approved by the regulatory authority
emission -- a gas or other substance that is sent into the air
e: The emission of using ethanol is less than oil.
liquid –a substance that is not a solid or a gas, for example water or milk:
e: Water is a liquid.
scale -- the size or level of something, or the amount that something is happening
e: There are many scale between low level and high level.
enthusiast -- someone who is very interested in a particular activity or subject
e: He is a movie enthusiast.
mainstream -- the most usual ideas or methods, or the people who have these ideas or methods
e: The of mainstream is how to protect environment.
e: The combustion in the forest generated great damage.
prototype -- the first form that a new design of a car, machine etc has, or a model of it used to test the design before it is produced
e: No matter how many prototype we make, we just can not get it right.
diesel -- a type of heavy oil used instead of petrol in engines, especially in trucks, buses, and trains:
e: The steam locomotives were superseded by diesel units.
engine -- the part of a vehicle that produces power to make it move
e: There must be something wrong with the engine of my car.
biomass -- plant and animal matter used to provide power or energy
e: Liquid fuels are made from biomass.
feedstock -- the raw material that is required for some industrial process
e: People use corn as feedstock to produce ethanol.
oxygen-- a gas that has no color or smell, is present in air, and is necessary for most animals and plants to live.
e: She died from lack of oxygen.
obstacle-- something that makes it difficult to achieve somethingCOLLOCATIONS
e: Lack of education is an obstacle of success.
alternative -- an alternative idea, plan etc is different from the one you have and can be used instead
e: Please find alternative means of transport.
regulatory -- a regulatory authority has the official power to control an activity and to make sure that it is done in a satisfactory way
e: New drugs have been approved by the regulatory authority
emission -- a gas or other substance that is sent into the air
e: The emission of using ethanol is less than oil.
liquid –a substance that is not a solid or a gas, for example water or milk:
e: Water is a liquid.
scale -- the size or level of something, or the amount that something is happening
e: There are many scale between low level and high level.
enthusiast -- someone who is very interested in a particular activity or subject
e: He is a movie enthusiast.
mainstream -- the most usual ideas or methods, or the people who have these ideas or methods
e: The of mainstream is how to protect environment.
Summary:
According to “Liquid Biofuels” by Greg Pahl, in the Citizen Powered Energy Handbook (2007), because oil has been reducing by transportation, liquid biofuels will be more and more important in future. The author showed the history of using liquid biofuels, which started form a design named “an early version” which used alcohol by Nikolaus August Otto in the middle of 1800s (Pahl, 2007, p186), and the modern ethanol industry was founded after the oil shocks.
The writer stated that ethanol was better than gasoline, because the oxygen in ethanol could help “combustion process” and reduce the emissions of CO and NO (Pahl, 2007, p189); therefore, ethanol is used more widely than another liquid biofuels. Pahl said that there was a problem of growing ethanol, because of “new coal- fired ethanol refineries” (Pahl, 2007, p191). The author noted that producing ethanol should keep the balance of energy, and a new ethanol named “cellulosic ethanol” was better than ethanol which is produced from corn (Pahl, 2007, p192). The writer described that producing also had a limit, because the land on the earth is not only for ethanol, as a result, many plants were made to use the whole materials to produce ethanol. The author explained that the backyard ethanol is different from the process of ethanol production.
Pahl reported that biodiesel was also widely used in recent year, and Germany, who produced “1.6 million metric tons” every year, was the leader in producing biodiesel (Pahl, 2007, p200). The author stated that people could use “recycled cooking oil” and the fat from animals, and when biodiesel was produced, people should put water to mix (Pahl, 2007, p202). The writer demonstrated that using biodiesel has some benefit, because biodiesel is fit for any engine and have more oxygen; however, biodiese could be used in cold weather.
According to “Liquid Biofuels” by Greg Pahl, in the Citizen Powered Energy Handbook (2007), because oil has been reducing by transportation, liquid biofuels will be more and more important in future. The author showed the history of using liquid biofuels, which started form a design named “an early version” which used alcohol by Nikolaus August Otto in the middle of 1800s (Pahl, 2007, p186), and the modern ethanol industry was founded after the oil shocks.
The writer stated that ethanol was better than gasoline, because the oxygen in ethanol could help “combustion process” and reduce the emissions of CO and NO (Pahl, 2007, p189); therefore, ethanol is used more widely than another liquid biofuels. Pahl said that there was a problem of growing ethanol, because of “new coal- fired ethanol refineries” (Pahl, 2007, p191). The author noted that producing ethanol should keep the balance of energy, and a new ethanol named “cellulosic ethanol” was better than ethanol which is produced from corn (Pahl, 2007, p192). The writer described that producing also had a limit, because the land on the earth is not only for ethanol, as a result, many plants were made to use the whole materials to produce ethanol. The author explained that the backyard ethanol is different from the process of ethanol production.
Pahl reported that biodiesel was also widely used in recent year, and Germany, who produced “1.6 million metric tons” every year, was the leader in producing biodiesel (Pahl, 2007, p200). The author stated that people could use “recycled cooking oil” and the fat from animals, and when biodiesel was produced, people should put water to mix (Pahl, 2007, p202). The writer demonstrated that using biodiesel has some benefit, because biodiesel is fit for any engine and have more oxygen; however, biodiese could be used in cold weather.
Tuesday, July 8, 2008
favorite website
There is an online dictionary, and I always use it.
-some examples in it, and I can find how I can use every new word. T
-the content is the same as the book of dictionary.
-The website can also read sentences, so I can follow the correct pronunciation.
website: http://www.ldoceonline.com/
-some examples in it, and I can find how I can use every new word. T
-the content is the same as the book of dictionary.
-The website can also read sentences, so I can follow the correct pronunciation.
website: http://www.ldoceonline.com/
I
Hello every one!
I am from an old city which has a long history in China, and there are three people in my family, father, mother and me. I am the only child in my family, so my parents love me very much.
I am fond of blue color which is like the sky. I like Chinese food; sometimes I do not western food.
See you!
I am from an old city which has a long history in China, and there are three people in my family, father, mother and me. I am the only child in my family, so my parents love me very much.
I am fond of blue color which is like the sky. I like Chinese food; sometimes I do not western food.
See you!
Sunday, February 10, 2008
We watched a movie about a girl, Matilda, last Friday. It was a wonderful movie. Matilda and her family are different from others.
Matilda is different from other children. When she was four years old, she wanted read books. She found a library by herself. When she completed the children’s book, she continued to read other parts. Everyday, she read a lot, while other children played game at this time. When she went to school, she knew more than others. The benefit was that she read books. For example, she could do difficult multiplication only by using head. However, her teacher needed to use a pen. In contrast to other children, it was more for Matilda to insist on what she wanted. She wanted to help teacher to take something, because they could not enter the house. Even though her teacher forbidden her, she still took the toy and chocolate by using her super ability. If it were other children, they might follow their teacher. Matilda was different girl, but she was kind.
Matilda’s family are different from other family. Her parents and her old brother did not look after her. When she was tow years old, she must have a wash by herself. However, other parents maybe help their children. Her father only wanted to how to sell a bad car in a high price, and her only wanted to make her beautiful. When Matilda was six years old, her parents said that she was only four years old. It is impossible for other family. When Matilda’s teacher came to Matilda’s house, her father did not allow the teacher to enter. However, they are happy to see the teacher in other families. This was strange family.
In conclusion, Matilda and her family were different from others. Matilda was brought up in a strange family, she must do everything by herself. However, other children have helps which are from their parents. I was found that the family was strange and the movie was wonderful.
Matilda is different from other children. When she was four years old, she wanted read books. She found a library by herself. When she completed the children’s book, she continued to read other parts. Everyday, she read a lot, while other children played game at this time. When she went to school, she knew more than others. The benefit was that she read books. For example, she could do difficult multiplication only by using head. However, her teacher needed to use a pen. In contrast to other children, it was more for Matilda to insist on what she wanted. She wanted to help teacher to take something, because they could not enter the house. Even though her teacher forbidden her, she still took the toy and chocolate by using her super ability. If it were other children, they might follow their teacher. Matilda was different girl, but she was kind.
Matilda’s family are different from other family. Her parents and her old brother did not look after her. When she was tow years old, she must have a wash by herself. However, other parents maybe help their children. Her father only wanted to how to sell a bad car in a high price, and her only wanted to make her beautiful. When Matilda was six years old, her parents said that she was only four years old. It is impossible for other family. When Matilda’s teacher came to Matilda’s house, her father did not allow the teacher to enter. However, they are happy to see the teacher in other families. This was strange family.
In conclusion, Matilda and her family were different from others. Matilda was brought up in a strange family, she must do everything by herself. However, other children have helps which are from their parents. I was found that the family was strange and the movie was wonderful.
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