Summary:
According to “Energy Balances of Current and Future Biofuels” in “Biofuels” by Antony Rowe, people use two different methods, “energy balance” and “energy efficiency” (Rowe, 2007, pg.160), to evaluate the product of biofuels. The author said that using energy balance can show good effect which biofuels influence on the environment, while energy efficiency shows the efficiency in the production which is from biomass to biofuels. The writer stated that the energy inputs can be divided into three kind, and there are “agricultural energy” (Rowe, 2007, pg.164), “processing energy” (Rowe, 2007, pg.165) and “transportation energy” (Rowe, 2007, pg.165). Rowe mentioned that reducing the costs and the production of biofuels can improve the biofuels’ energy balance.
According to “Effects on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climates Stability” in “Biofuels” by Antony Rowe, the writer noted that not all the corps can produce the same emission. The author reported that there are many way to show the effect of biofuels feedstock production and harvest. Rowe explained the ways is that “land-use change” (Rowe, 2007, pg.171) means that instead of the crop which can only be planted every year people can use “perennial herbaceous species” (Rowe, 2007, pg.172), and in “crop management” (Rowe, 2007, pg.173) producing fertilizer have the biggest effect to climate. The author showed another tow ways is that “feedstock selection” (Rowe, 2007, pg.174) is very important for producing biofuels and how to harvest the crop is also very important thing. The author described that there are something in “life-cycle” (Rowe, 2007, pg.177) which can affect the biofuels.
Sunday, July 27, 2008
Sunday, July 20, 2008
Summary:
According to “Liquid Biofuels” by Greg Pahl, in the Citizen Powered Energy Handbook (2007), diesel engines and tanks easily lead to the growth of bacteria, which can make destroy the system. The author stated that biodiesel can be a good “heating-fuel additive” (Pahl, 2007, p206), and using biodiesel can get two and three energy than using ethanol. The writer showed that there are three major producers, “large-scale commercial, small-scale” (Pahl, 2007, p209) and individual, which product biodiesel, and there are the large and small different forms “biodiesel cooperatives” (Pahl, 2007, p210). Pahl explained that the large biodiesel cooperative industries were often founded in Widwest, while the small one can be divided into three categories, and there are very small group producer, “bulk-buy” ((Pahl, 2007, p211) and the one which every people can be trained. The author said that ethanol and biodiesel which are produced from plants are the “first-generation” (Pahl, 2007, p215), while the biofuels which are made from cellulose are the second one. The writer mentioned that the second one is similarly to the first one and be produced in many different countries.
The author noted that “straight vegetable oil (SVO)” and “waste vegetable oil (WVO)” (Pahl, 2007, p220) can be used at home, but they need some equipment. The writer reported that because of the flash point, people could not make WVO combust completely, but now Turner discovered a new system which solves this problem by giving a high temperature at the surface of WVO. Pahl demonstrated that people save “$20,000” from the project of WVO.
According to “Liquid Biofuels” by Greg Pahl, in the Citizen Powered Energy Handbook (2007), diesel engines and tanks easily lead to the growth of bacteria, which can make destroy the system. The author stated that biodiesel can be a good “heating-fuel additive” (Pahl, 2007, p206), and using biodiesel can get two and three energy than using ethanol. The writer showed that there are three major producers, “large-scale commercial, small-scale” (Pahl, 2007, p209) and individual, which product biodiesel, and there are the large and small different forms “biodiesel cooperatives” (Pahl, 2007, p210). Pahl explained that the large biodiesel cooperative industries were often founded in Widwest, while the small one can be divided into three categories, and there are very small group producer, “bulk-buy” ((Pahl, 2007, p211) and the one which every people can be trained. The author said that ethanol and biodiesel which are produced from plants are the “first-generation” (Pahl, 2007, p215), while the biofuels which are made from cellulose are the second one. The writer mentioned that the second one is similarly to the first one and be produced in many different countries.
The author noted that “straight vegetable oil (SVO)” and “waste vegetable oil (WVO)” (Pahl, 2007, p220) can be used at home, but they need some equipment. The writer reported that because of the flash point, people could not make WVO combust completely, but now Turner discovered a new system which solves this problem by giving a high temperature at the surface of WVO. Pahl demonstrated that people save “$20,000” from the project of WVO.
Strategy –a planned series of actions for achieving something
E: The government carries out a long-term economic strategy
Modification –a small change made in something such as a design, plan, or system
E: We've made one or two modifications to the original design.
Definitely –without any doubt
E: She views very definitely.
Mainstream –the most usual ideas or methods, or the people who have these ideas or methods
E: Environmental ideas have been absorbed into the mainstream of European politics.
Cellulose –the material that the cell walls of plants are made of and that is used to make plastics, paper etc
E: We should eat more green vegetables rich in cellulose.
Replacement –when you get something that is newer or better than the one you had before:
E: Our old car is badly in need of replacement.
Scenario –a situation that could possibly happen
E: It looked ominously like we were about to repeat the earlier scenario.
Virtually –almost
E: Virtually all the members were in agreement with the proposal.
Interchangeable –things that are interchangeable can be used instead of each other
E: These two words are almost interchangeable.
Monoxide –carbon monoxide: a poisonous gas produced when carbon, especially in petrol, burns in a small amount of air
E: motor vehicles give off carbon monoxide.
Perspective –a way of thinking about something, especially one which is influenced by the type of person you are or by your experiences
E: You must get the story in its right perspectives.
Conventional –a conventional method, product, practice etc has been used for a long time and is considered the usual type
E: Internet connections through conventional phone lines are fairly slow.
Yield –the amount of profits, crops etc that something produces
E: These trees gave a high yield of fruit this year.
Carbon –a chemical substance that exists in a pure form as diamonds, graphite etc, or in an impure form as coal, petrol etc. It is a chemical element: symbol C
E: I make a carbon copy of my essay.
Variant – something that is slightly different from the usual form of something
E: The story has many variants.
E: The government carries out a long-term economic strategy
Modification –a small change made in something such as a design, plan, or system
E: We've made one or two modifications to the original design.
Definitely –without any doubt
E: She views very definitely.
Mainstream –the most usual ideas or methods, or the people who have these ideas or methods
E: Environmental ideas have been absorbed into the mainstream of European politics.
Cellulose –the material that the cell walls of plants are made of and that is used to make plastics, paper etc
E: We should eat more green vegetables rich in cellulose.
Replacement –when you get something that is newer or better than the one you had before:
E: Our old car is badly in need of replacement.
Scenario –a situation that could possibly happen
E: It looked ominously like we were about to repeat the earlier scenario.
Virtually –almost
E: Virtually all the members were in agreement with the proposal.
Interchangeable –things that are interchangeable can be used instead of each other
E: These two words are almost interchangeable.
Monoxide –carbon monoxide: a poisonous gas produced when carbon, especially in petrol, burns in a small amount of air
E: motor vehicles give off carbon monoxide.
Perspective –a way of thinking about something, especially one which is influenced by the type of person you are or by your experiences
E: You must get the story in its right perspectives.
Conventional –a conventional method, product, practice etc has been used for a long time and is considered the usual type
E: Internet connections through conventional phone lines are fairly slow.
Yield –the amount of profits, crops etc that something produces
E: These trees gave a high yield of fruit this year.
Carbon –a chemical substance that exists in a pure form as diamonds, graphite etc, or in an impure form as coal, petrol etc. It is a chemical element: symbol C
E: I make a carbon copy of my essay.
Variant – something that is slightly different from the usual form of something
E: The story has many variants.
Sunday, July 13, 2008
combustion -- the process of burning
e: The combustion in the forest generated great damage.
prototype -- the first form that a new design of a car, machine etc has, or a model of it used to test the design before it is produced
e: No matter how many prototype we make, we just can not get it right.
diesel -- a type of heavy oil used instead of petrol in engines, especially in trucks, buses, and trains:
e: The steam locomotives were superseded by diesel units.
engine -- the part of a vehicle that produces power to make it move
e: There must be something wrong with the engine of my car.
biomass -- plant and animal matter used to provide power or energy
e: Liquid fuels are made from biomass.
feedstock -- the raw material that is required for some industrial process
e: People use corn as feedstock to produce ethanol.
oxygen-- a gas that has no color or smell, is present in air, and is necessary for most animals and plants to live.
e: She died from lack of oxygen.
obstacle-- something that makes it difficult to achieve somethingCOLLOCATIONS
e: Lack of education is an obstacle of success.
alternative -- an alternative idea, plan etc is different from the one you have and can be used instead
e: Please find alternative means of transport.
regulatory -- a regulatory authority has the official power to control an activity and to make sure that it is done in a satisfactory way
e: New drugs have been approved by the regulatory authority
emission -- a gas or other substance that is sent into the air
e: The emission of using ethanol is less than oil.
liquid –a substance that is not a solid or a gas, for example water or milk:
e: Water is a liquid.
scale -- the size or level of something, or the amount that something is happening
e: There are many scale between low level and high level.
enthusiast -- someone who is very interested in a particular activity or subject
e: He is a movie enthusiast.
mainstream -- the most usual ideas or methods, or the people who have these ideas or methods
e: The of mainstream is how to protect environment.
e: The combustion in the forest generated great damage.
prototype -- the first form that a new design of a car, machine etc has, or a model of it used to test the design before it is produced
e: No matter how many prototype we make, we just can not get it right.
diesel -- a type of heavy oil used instead of petrol in engines, especially in trucks, buses, and trains:
e: The steam locomotives were superseded by diesel units.
engine -- the part of a vehicle that produces power to make it move
e: There must be something wrong with the engine of my car.
biomass -- plant and animal matter used to provide power or energy
e: Liquid fuels are made from biomass.
feedstock -- the raw material that is required for some industrial process
e: People use corn as feedstock to produce ethanol.
oxygen-- a gas that has no color or smell, is present in air, and is necessary for most animals and plants to live.
e: She died from lack of oxygen.
obstacle-- something that makes it difficult to achieve somethingCOLLOCATIONS
e: Lack of education is an obstacle of success.
alternative -- an alternative idea, plan etc is different from the one you have and can be used instead
e: Please find alternative means of transport.
regulatory -- a regulatory authority has the official power to control an activity and to make sure that it is done in a satisfactory way
e: New drugs have been approved by the regulatory authority
emission -- a gas or other substance that is sent into the air
e: The emission of using ethanol is less than oil.
liquid –a substance that is not a solid or a gas, for example water or milk:
e: Water is a liquid.
scale -- the size or level of something, or the amount that something is happening
e: There are many scale between low level and high level.
enthusiast -- someone who is very interested in a particular activity or subject
e: He is a movie enthusiast.
mainstream -- the most usual ideas or methods, or the people who have these ideas or methods
e: The of mainstream is how to protect environment.
Summary:
According to “Liquid Biofuels” by Greg Pahl, in the Citizen Powered Energy Handbook (2007), because oil has been reducing by transportation, liquid biofuels will be more and more important in future. The author showed the history of using liquid biofuels, which started form a design named “an early version” which used alcohol by Nikolaus August Otto in the middle of 1800s (Pahl, 2007, p186), and the modern ethanol industry was founded after the oil shocks.
The writer stated that ethanol was better than gasoline, because the oxygen in ethanol could help “combustion process” and reduce the emissions of CO and NO (Pahl, 2007, p189); therefore, ethanol is used more widely than another liquid biofuels. Pahl said that there was a problem of growing ethanol, because of “new coal- fired ethanol refineries” (Pahl, 2007, p191). The author noted that producing ethanol should keep the balance of energy, and a new ethanol named “cellulosic ethanol” was better than ethanol which is produced from corn (Pahl, 2007, p192). The writer described that producing also had a limit, because the land on the earth is not only for ethanol, as a result, many plants were made to use the whole materials to produce ethanol. The author explained that the backyard ethanol is different from the process of ethanol production.
Pahl reported that biodiesel was also widely used in recent year, and Germany, who produced “1.6 million metric tons” every year, was the leader in producing biodiesel (Pahl, 2007, p200). The author stated that people could use “recycled cooking oil” and the fat from animals, and when biodiesel was produced, people should put water to mix (Pahl, 2007, p202). The writer demonstrated that using biodiesel has some benefit, because biodiesel is fit for any engine and have more oxygen; however, biodiese could be used in cold weather.
According to “Liquid Biofuels” by Greg Pahl, in the Citizen Powered Energy Handbook (2007), because oil has been reducing by transportation, liquid biofuels will be more and more important in future. The author showed the history of using liquid biofuels, which started form a design named “an early version” which used alcohol by Nikolaus August Otto in the middle of 1800s (Pahl, 2007, p186), and the modern ethanol industry was founded after the oil shocks.
The writer stated that ethanol was better than gasoline, because the oxygen in ethanol could help “combustion process” and reduce the emissions of CO and NO (Pahl, 2007, p189); therefore, ethanol is used more widely than another liquid biofuels. Pahl said that there was a problem of growing ethanol, because of “new coal- fired ethanol refineries” (Pahl, 2007, p191). The author noted that producing ethanol should keep the balance of energy, and a new ethanol named “cellulosic ethanol” was better than ethanol which is produced from corn (Pahl, 2007, p192). The writer described that producing also had a limit, because the land on the earth is not only for ethanol, as a result, many plants were made to use the whole materials to produce ethanol. The author explained that the backyard ethanol is different from the process of ethanol production.
Pahl reported that biodiesel was also widely used in recent year, and Germany, who produced “1.6 million metric tons” every year, was the leader in producing biodiesel (Pahl, 2007, p200). The author stated that people could use “recycled cooking oil” and the fat from animals, and when biodiesel was produced, people should put water to mix (Pahl, 2007, p202). The writer demonstrated that using biodiesel has some benefit, because biodiesel is fit for any engine and have more oxygen; however, biodiese could be used in cold weather.
Tuesday, July 8, 2008
favorite website
There is an online dictionary, and I always use it.
-some examples in it, and I can find how I can use every new word. T
-the content is the same as the book of dictionary.
-The website can also read sentences, so I can follow the correct pronunciation.
website: http://www.ldoceonline.com/
-some examples in it, and I can find how I can use every new word. T
-the content is the same as the book of dictionary.
-The website can also read sentences, so I can follow the correct pronunciation.
website: http://www.ldoceonline.com/
I
Hello every one!
I am from an old city which has a long history in China, and there are three people in my family, father, mother and me. I am the only child in my family, so my parents love me very much.
I am fond of blue color which is like the sky. I like Chinese food; sometimes I do not western food.
See you!
I am from an old city which has a long history in China, and there are three people in my family, father, mother and me. I am the only child in my family, so my parents love me very much.
I am fond of blue color which is like the sky. I like Chinese food; sometimes I do not western food.
See you!
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